Haemophilus influenzae, a gram negative coccobacillus, is divided into unencapsulated nontypable and encapsulated strains. How safe is receiving the influenza vaccine during pregnancy. Doctor answers on symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and more. Flu immunisation recommended in the uk since the 1960s offers protection to people at higher risk of fluassociated morbidity and mortality. It also puts a heavy strain on health and social care services. Influenza immunisation can be given at any time during pregnancy. All reports of serious and nonserious cases of autoimmune adrs where an adjuvanted celtura, fluval p, focetria. This suggests that people with a type b infection might be more likely to transmit.
Further information on influenza infection is included in the. More detailed information on the characteristics of the available vaccines, including age indications can be found in the influenza chapter of the green book immunisation against infectious disease and the. Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness. Sep 18, 2018 influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality each year in the uk. The disease is characterised by the sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, myalgia and extreme fatigue. In general, only about 50% of infected persons will develop the classic clinical symptoms of influenza. Multiple choice answers on immunisation against infectious. The recent updates include changes to the asthma and egg allergy sections and added information on newly licensed influenza vaccines. Autoimmune disorders after immunisation with influenza a. While most illnesses are brief and without consequence, regular seasonal epidemics of influenza include significant rates of severe illness and death, particularly among elderly people and those with underlying chronic medical conditions.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Pneumococcal vaccine may be given at the same time as influenza vaccine but at a different site. Healthcare practitioners should refer to the green book influenza. None of the influenza vaccines for the 201920 season offered in northern ireland contain thiomersal as an added preservative.
The two main types of influenza occurring during flu season are influenza a and influenza b. Most deaths caused by influenza are among the elderly and immunodeficient and are the result of secondary infections such as bacterial pneumonia. Phe influenza immunisation guideline phedhdwp guideline. Only in preterm or very small infants is a 16mm needle suitable for im injection. As there is considerable overlap in the target groups for both vaccines, it is appropriate to offer ppv23 to patients if indicated when they attend for their influenza vaccine.
October 2019 immunisation against influenza among population aged 65 and over number of people aged 65 and over who have been immunised against influenza or flu during the last 12 months divided by. Incubation period of cytomegalovirus the incubation period of sporadic cases of cmv usually cannot be determined. Influenza illness can vary from asymptomatic infection to severe. This treatment summary topic describes influenza vaccine. Feb 24, 2016 deaths due to influenza vary drastically year to year due to the unpredictability, length and severity of the influenza season. The latter are further classified into serotypes, with the haemophilus influenzae serotype b being the most pathogenic for humans, responsible for respiratory infections, ocular infection, sepsis and meningitis. Influenza a is transmitted via the respiratory route. Influenza a and b are responsible for most clinical illness. Response to influenza immunisation during treatment for. Limited data on the incubation period suggest that illness onset occurs dec 05, 2003 raise your flu iq. Hps website green book chapter on influenza updated. The clinical course of the illness is divided into three stages.
Methods eighty four children with cancer were tested for susceptibility to the circulating strains of influenza virus in autumn 1995 and 1996. The national influenza immunisation programme 2019 to 2020. Influenza immunisation immunisation during pregnancy also. It spread worldwide in 2009, and is expected to still be circulating in 20102011. Thus, the range of influenza related mortality over a thirtyyear period, between 1976 and 2007 in the united states, is estimated at a low of approximately 3,000 to a high of approximately 49,000 deaths per year. It is critical that children at particular risk of severe complications from influenza are vaccinated, including those with. The incubation period of h1n1 is similar to other strains. It is offered annually to patients aged over 65 years, and to all those aged between 6 months and 65 years in clinical atrisk groups identified by the department of health dh.
Phe vaccination intervals phedhdwp guideline guidelines. Shingles, influenza and pneumococcal immunisation programmes. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy has an excellent safety record for the woman herself, the growing baby and newborn. Since the ah1n1 2009 influenza pandemic, universal immunisation of pregnant women against seasonal flu has been recommended in many areas of the world. Public health significance and occurrence of influenza. History and epidemiology of the disease before the introduction of pertussis immunisation in the 1950s, the average annual number of notifications exceeded 120,000 in england and wales. Nonimmunised children were reassessed the following spring for serological evidence of. Influenza is highly infectious with a usual incubation period of 1 to 3 days.
Please read the information below about the 2020 wa influenza immunisation program and protect your patients by opportunistically offering influenza immunisation to all who are eligible for the free vaccine through the national immunisation program. Influenza flu can cause serious complications and lead to death, especially in certain patient groups. Influenza is highly infectious with a usual incubation period of. Since the last edition of immunisation against infectious disease the green. Inactivated influenza vaccines have been recommended for and used in pregnant women since the 1960s, along with ongoing safety monitoring and research. According to the cdc, although the incubation period can range from one to four days, the typical incubation period is two days.
How effective is the inactivated influenza vaccine when given during pregnancy. It does this through worldclass science, knowledge and intelligence, advocacy, partnerships and the delivery of specialist public health services. Chapter 7 immunisation of those with underlying medical conditions answers 9 chapter 8 vaccine safety and adverse events following immunisation. Influenza immunisation information including updates for public. Cases with shorter incubation periods tend to have more severe disease and thereby a greater risk of death. Type a viruses are divided into subtypes, and currently, there are ah1n1 pdm09 and ah3n2 subtypes circulating in the population, while influenza b viruses belong to two lineages. The national flu immunisation programme 201920 nhs england. Inactivated influenza vaccine information for healthcare practitioners 5. Influenza types a and b are responsible for most cases of clinical illness in the uk. Influenza a is commonly associated with widespread epidemics, type b is infrequently associated with regional or widespread epidemics and type c is commonly. The incubation period is from two to seven days and the onset of disease varies from fulminant with acute and overwhelming features, to insidious with mild prodromal symptoms. The incubation period is between six and 20 days and cases are infectious from six days after exposure to three weeks after the onset of typical paroxysms. Influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract.
Meningococcal immunisation against infectious disease. Immunisation against influenza during pregnancy the bmj. The national flu immunisation programme 201920 4 17. The green book original version issued february 2008. Vaccination therefore protects the woman herself and provides passive immunity to the infant following birth. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Time from infection to start of infectiousness typically shorter than incubation period period of communicability infectious period time during which infected person is capable of transmitting the infectious agent, often begins before symptom onset. Prevalence of influenza vaccination and its association with. The efficacy prevention of illness among vaccinated individuals in controlled trials and effectiveness prevention of illness in vaccinated populations of influenza vaccines is dependent on. None of the influenza vaccines for the 201718 season contain thiomersal as an added preservative more detailed information on the characteristics of the available vaccines, including age indications can be found in the influenza chapter of the green book immunisation. Gps and other health care professionals have an important role in prompting patients to consider the benefits of influenza vaccination and addressing concerns about efficacy and safety. Headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, drowsiness or confusion and joint pains may variably occur.
Factsheet about invasive haemophilus influenzae disease. A four week minimum interval period should be observed between the administration of these two vaccines. Nurses are at the forefront of flu immunisation and this article outlines the next immunisation campaign before the. Blood and body fluids from these individuals should be considered to be infectious.
Current infection can be detected by the presence of hbsag in the serum. The influenza chapter in immunisation against infectious disease the green book. Influenza b incubation period what does the doctor say. Influenza infection during pregnancy may be associated with perinatal mortality, prematurity, lower birth weight and smaller neonatal size. Pinkbook influenza epidemiology of vaccine preventable. Several human and animal strains of influenza virus recombined into a new strain. Public health significance and occurrence of haemophilus influenzae infections before the introduction of hib vaccine to the routine immunisation schedule in 1993, hib disease was the most common serious invasive bacterial infection in. Immunology and vaccinepreventable diseases pink book. Aims to assess the annual risk of influenza infection in children with cancer and the immunogenicity of a trivalent split virus influenza vaccine in these children. This guide for health professionals provides useful information about influenza and vaccination, along with tips on how to facilitate. The national flu immunisation programme 201718 training. Influenza immunisation program department of health. Revised recommendations for the administration of more than one live vaccine.
Immunisation of pregnant mothers with inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine is recommended by the world health organization and by us authorities. Since the last edition of immunisation against infectious disease the green book, the immunisation programme has seen a number of changes, to both. The flu chapter of the green book has been updated to reflect the latest. Current australian immunisation guidelines recommend annual influenza vaccination for anyone who wishes to protect themselves, which includes children aged. The incubation period of pertussis is commonly 710 days, with a range of 421 days, and rarely may be as long as 42 days. Influenza april 2019 19 influenza the disease influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract. Children start showing symptoms of meningitis after a probable incubation period of about 2 4 days and clinical manifestations tend to evolve rapidly. People can begin infecting others about one day before any symptoms of the virus appear, and are contagious for about a week after that. Influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract that is highly infectious with a usual incubation period of one to three days. The green book national health service uk and the red book. Cases of travelrelated hepatitis a can occur in travelers to developed countries and developing countries, who have standard tourist itineraries, accommodations, and eating behaviors. It is preferable to be immunised as soon as the vaccine is available usually in march, well before the start of winter. Yellow fever and mmr should not be administered on the same day. Influenza is highly infectious with a usual incubation period of one to three days.
Guidance on infection control in schools and other childcare settings. Influenza b virus is a respiratory virus spread by coughing, etc. The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. Since 1997, more than 400 human cases of highly pathogenic influenza a virus h5n1 infection have been reported worldwide, including 30 from mainland china. Sep 11, 20 the green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. Young infants who develop influenza are likely to be admitted to hospital and mortality from influenza in.
In 2010, routine influenza immunisation of individuals was extended to include all pregnant women. The immunisation programme in the uk continues to evolve, meeting the demand to improve the control of infectious diseases through vaccination. Inactivated influenza vaccine information for healthcare. In most individuals, infection will resolve and hbsag. Vaccination has been available since the late 1960s. Influenza august 2018 19 influenza the disease influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract. Incubation period for human cases of avian influenza a.
The incubation period for influenza is usually 2 days, but can vary from 1 to 4 days. The ideal time for immunisation is between september and early november. The immune response to influenza vaccination in pregnant women is similar to that of nonpregnant women. The incubation period ranges from 40 to 160 days, with an average of 60 to 90 days. The incubation period is usually 321 days, although it may range from 1 day to several months, depending on the nature of exposure. The immunisation programme in england aims to help protect those who are vulnerable to complications and reduce the burden of flu on the nhs, social care and communities. The yellow fever chapter contraindications section in the green book immunisation against infectious disease has been updated yellow fever. Incubation period of influenza virus the incubation period is 14 days, with an average of 2 days for seasonal influenza.
None of the influenza vaccines for the 201617 season contain thiomersal as an added preservative. Influenza causal agentinfluenza is an acute viral disease of the respiratory tract, caused by 3 types of influenza virus. This was based on evidence of the increased risk from influenza to the mother and to infants in the first few months of life. Immunisation coalition influenza immunisation coalition. Influenza rapid test kits are supporting progress in this area. Bcg, rotavirus, live attenuated influenza vaccine laiv, oral typhoid vaccine, yellow fever, varicella, zoster and mmr. Influenza immunisation in pregnancy archives of disease. Those eligible for influenza vaccine on the basis of age or clinical risk should be. Green book of immunisation chapter 11 the uk immunisation. The cdc says that the influenza vaccine does not affect the safety.
In adults with iatrogenic infection, illness usually occurs 38 weeks after blood transfusion and between 4 weeks and 4 months after organ transplantation. As a health provider, you are a trusted source of information for your patients. Perinatal infection develops 312 weeks after delivery. Revised recommendations for the administration of more than. Another study, published in february 2016 by clinical infectious disease, found that the levels of flu virus in respiratory secretions during the incubation period are higher with type b influenza infections compared to type a infections. The green book the green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures for all the vaccine preventable infectious diseases that may occur in. For the detection and subsequent treatment of influenza, a rapid test can be a major support for clinicians. Ascertainment of the incubation period for influenza virus h5n1 is important to define exposure periods for surveillance of patients with suspected influenza virus h5n1 infection. Which children should be vaccinated against influenza. Hepatitis a is among the most common vaccinepreventable infections acquired during travel. This suggests that people with a type b infection might be more likely to transmit the flu to others during. Even with adequate and prompt antibiotic treatment, mortality can reach up to 10% of cases. More detailed information on the characteristics of the available vaccines, including age indications can be found in the influenza chapter of the green book immunisation against infectious disease and the product spcs.
Effectiveness and safety of inactivated influenza vaccines. Autoimmune disorders after immunisation with influenza ah1n1. Influenza vaccine treatment summary bnf content published by. For many years, immunisation against infectious disease the green book has contained a recommendation that when two live vaccines are required in the same individual, then the vaccines should either be given on the same day, or separated by. Early symptoms and signs are usually malaise, pyrexia and vomiting. Gps and schoolbased providers must actively invite 100% of eligible individuals e. Immunisation against influenza definitions updated. Autoimmune disorders after immunisation with influenza ah1n1 vaccines with and without adjuvant. This edition reflects policy current at the time of going to press. In the usa immunisation of children aged 623 months is also recommended. Why is an influenza immunisation recommended every year. Revised recommendations for the administration of more.
H1n1 is a new strain of influenza first recognized in april 2009. Influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract that is highly infectious with a. The incubation period for influenza a is about 14 days, and the syndrome usually lasts for about 37 days. The objectives of the influenza immunisation programme are to protect those. Influenza types a and b are responsible for most cases of clinical illness in. Maternal influenza immunisation, however, is not often provided. Further details of those eligible to receive the vaccine can be found in chapter 19 of the green book 3 and in the annual flu letter for 2018192. Further information on influenza infection is included in the green book influenza chapter and on nhs choices. An average of at least 65% to be attained by every provider across all primary school years. For intramuscular injections in infants, children and adults, therefore, a 25mm 23g blue or 25mm 25g orange needle should be used. Patients can experience sudden onset of symptoms such as dry cough, headache, fever and extreme fatigue.
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